Educational Research – a comprehensive national-level academic journal on educational theories supervised by China’s Education Ministry and sponsored by the National Institute of Education Sciences (NIES) – is the longest-running publication of its kind since China’s reform and opening-up program began in the late 1970s. Educational Research helps readers to learn about the latest in educational theory, and allows them to form their own opinions through well-researched educational articles. These cover an array of key areas in the field of education, where contributors evaluate education research, explore the law of education and teaching, disseminate educational and teaching experiences, publicize educational achievements in teaching reforms and experiments, carry out education-related academic discussions, analyse academic research trends, and provide educational information from home and abroad. Its scope has both breadth and depth, and that’s why it’s the preferred choice for education professionals across China.
Having a wide-ranging social impact, Educational Research ranks No.1 when it comes to core Chinese-language educational journals. It can boast the highest number of reprinted academic papers in other education-related publications. For instance, many of its academic papers appear in Education – a journal at the Information Center for Social Sciences of Renmin University. Meanwhile, of all the education-related journals listed in the Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index (CSSCI), Educational Research is said to have the greatest capacity to impact its readers, while it is also No.1 in terms of the disciplines in China’s academic journal clout index. Its wide-ranging achievements have been recognised both at home and abroad – for instance, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and other professional journal-evaluating organizations selected it as the most internationally-influential academic journal. It has also been called one of the most authoritative Chinese-language academic journals by the Research Center for Chinese Science Evaluation (RCCSE); one of the Top 100 digitally-influential journals; a Chinese journal in humanities and social sciences which scores very well in AMI (Attraction, Management and Impact) indicators, and one of the top 100 journals released overseas by the China National Publications Import & Export (Group) Corporation (CNPIEC).
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EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
（Monthly）
September 2019
Contents
The Double Constraints of Educational Evaluation …………………… Xie Weihe
The Development of Instructional Theory over the Past Seven Decades in China：Practice Models and Logical Directions ……………………Zhu Dequan & Yang Lei
The Progress of the Discipline of the History of Foreign Education over the Past 70 Years …………………… Sun Yi，Chen Luxi & Zhang Binxian
Pedagogy as a Subject，a Discipline and a Science …………………… Xiang Xianming
Improving Students' Recognition of Excellent Traditional Chinese Culture：A Survey of the School-Based Curriculum …………………… Lv Lijie & Ding Yiran
The Development of Key Competencies by Reconstructing the Knowledge-Based Concept …………………… Zhang Liang
Toward Distinctive Excellence …………………… Wang Xiaoyan
School Philosophy：Conceptual Elements and the Structural System …………………… Shen Shuhong
The Global Expansion of University Science …………………… Simon Marginson & Wen Wen
The Policy on the Integration of Industry and Education in China：A Discourse Analysis of Production，Distribution and Consumption …………………… Chen Peng & Wang Hui
The Educational Benefits of Farmers Returning to Their Hometown and Income Inequality under the Rural Revitalization Strategy …………………… Wang Yi，Xiong Wen & Lai Desheng
Speculative Educational Research and Empirical Educational Research：From Separation to Symbiosis …………………… Wang Weihua
Wittgenstein，an Educator …………………… Fan Yuehong
The Double Constraints of Educational Evaluation
——A Case Analysis of the College Entrance Examination Reform
Xie Weihe
Abstract：Educational evaluation is an important and complex activity in the field of education. Owing to the complicated，significant and multi-factor study of educational evaluation，the variables affecting educational evaluation can be summarized as two constraints：scientificness and publicity. The former，required to briefly grasp the key points of evaluation，is limited by value，space and time；the latter，required to focus on educational equity，takes educational evaluation as a public policy，and describes and analyzes the ways to realize publicity from the perspectives of participation and decentralization. The system of college entrance examination，a sort of educational evaluation covering the vast majority of aspects and involving the largest number of stakeholders and the most complicated variables，is also constrained by both scientificness and publicity.
Key words：educational evaluation；scientificness；publicity
Author：Xie Weihe，distinguished professor of liberal arts of Tsinghua University （Beijing 100084）
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EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
（Monthly）
August 2019
Contents
Studying the CPC Central Committee's General Secretary Xi Jinping's Important Expositions on Education（Written Essays） …………………… Hao Deyong [et al]
Educational Pathways for the Cultivation of New Talents in New China over the Past 70 Years …………………… Ruan Chengwu
The Reform of Higher Normal Education in China over the Past 70 Years：Evolution，Achievements and Prospects …………………… Qu Tiehua & Jiang Tao
The Disciplinary Surveillance over Big Data-Based Measurement and Assessment in Education …………………… Jin Shenghong
Labor Education in the New Era：Necessity and Possibility …………………… Xiao Shaoming & Hu Zhongping
The Creative Transformation of the Excellent Traditional Chinese Culture in the Construction of Primary and Secondary School Textbooks …………………… Wu Xiaoou & Li Xiang
From the "Hubris of Rationalism" to "Relative Mire": A Philosophical Examination into the Evolution of the Views on Curriculum Knowledge …………………… Liu Fang
Accountability for Quality：Higher Education Accountability in the United States and Its Implications …………………… Hu Jian & Yang Jianguo
Boarding Education and Children's Development：Evidence from 137 Rural Boarding Schools …………………… Zhu Zhisheng，Li Ya'nan & Song Yingquan
The Localization of Entrepreneurial Universities：A Connotative Interpretation …………………… Fu Bajun
The Approaches to Implementing the Pilot Program for Modern Apprenticeship …………………… Zheng Yongjin & Cao Taisheng
The Integration of Mental Health Education in Elementary and Secondary Schools and Colleges and Universities：A Theoretical Perspective …………………… Yu Guoliang & Wang Hao
Does Farmers' Loss of Farmland Affect Their Children's Academic Performance …………………… Liu Jiankun & He Guangye
The Growth Potential of China's Human Resources and the Contributions from Education at All Levels Between 2020 and 2035 …………………… Cui Jifang
Building the Evaluation Index System for the Effects of the Implementation of the Educational Policy for Poverty Alleviation …………………… Yuan Liping & Ding Yashi
The Wisdom-Oriented Teaching Ability：Teachers' Ability in the Era of Wisdom Education …………………… Yang Xin & Xie Yueguang
The Wisdom-Oriented Teaching Ability： Teachers' Ability in the Era of Wisdom Education
Yang Xin & Xie Yueguang
Abstract：Wise teachers can effectively promote the development of their students' wisdom. Wisdom，which includes the instrumental reason，the value-based reason，and the meaning-based reason，represents students' understanding and building of their relationship with nature，society，and the self-world. Wisdom-oriented teaching ability derives from teachers' wisdom，comes from practice，and changes students' reasonable world，hereby interpreting "why" and "how" teaching can promote the development of students' wisdom. In the background of information technology，teachers' wisdom-oriented teaching ability includes explaining the instrumental reason by designing questions，explaining the value-based reason by constructing a context，enlightening the meaning-based reason through timely dialogs and evaluations，and making appropriate interventions through information technology.
Key words：wisdom-oriented teaching ability；generation of wisdom；teacher's ability
Authors：Yang Xin，lecturer of the Faculty of Education，Northeast Normal University；Xie Yueguang，professor of the School of Information Science and Technology，Northeast Normal University （Changchun 130024）
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EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
（Monthly）
July 2019
Contents
The Reconstruction of the Relationship Between Schools and Students in the Changes of Education …………………… Lao Kaisheng
The Changes of the Policy for Rural Primary School Teacher Supplements: Review and Prospects over the Past 70 Years …………………… Yang Weian
Big Data in Education：Ethical Demands and Their Realization …………………… Qi Wanxue & Xie Juan
Progress Means Quality：The View on Education Quality and the Pursuit of Value Targeting the Process of Students' Growth …………………… Chi Yanjie
The Construction of the Moral Education Community Based on the Knowledge Community —— The Coupling of Knowledge with Morality in Colleges and Universities During Their High Morals Molding and Cultivation of Talents Based on People Orientation …………………… Ren Shaobo & Shan Juehui
The Rainbow under the Ideal Sky —— The Flourishment of the Thought on Public Education for Children 100 Years Ago …………………… Yu Benfa，Zhang Wenjun & Zheng Gang
The OECD's Power and Mechanism in Its Participation in the Global Governance of Education …………………… Ding Ruichang
Universal Access to Upper Secondary Education：Connotations and Approaches …………………… Li Jianmin
The Structural VPR Model for the Evaluation of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education …………………… Xu Xiaozhou
The Quality Evaluation of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education —— An Empirical Study from 1 231 Colleges and Universities in China …………………… Huang Zhaoxin & Huang Yangjie
From Loose Connection to Entity Embedding: The Dilemma of and the Breakthrough in the Integration of Industry and Education in Vocational Education …………………… Hao Tiancong & Shi Weiping
How to Promote Preschoolers' Healthy Personality —— An Empirical Study Based on a Field Experiment in Education Across China …………………… Yang Lizhu [et al]
Positive Persistence or Negative Avoidance —— The Impact of the Family Environment on the Academic Persistence of Junior High School Students in Rural Areas …………………… Yang Baoyan & Liu Yujiao
Teachers as Lifelong Learners：Shanghai Results and Lessons from the TALIS …………………… Zhu Xiaohu & Zhang Minxuan
Enlightening Students in Their Daily Life: Teachers' Mission and Ability …………………… Yan Conggen
The Reconstruction of the Relationship Between Schools and Students in the Changes of Education
Lao Kaisheng
Abstract：The theory of special power relation，which has an important impact on public schools in China，remains a key to the understanding of the relationship between schools and students. After the establishment of the corporate system for schools in 1995，the administrative organs began to reflect and revise the nature and the boundary of the school power in the past relationship between schools and students，and the court no longer excluded the application of the principles of legal reservation and legal remedy，thus breaking the previous legal balance. Therefore，the relationship between schools and students，characterized by the combination of the public law and the private law，becomes a compound legal relationship including the vertical relationship and the horizontal relationship. In terms of the vertical relationship，the court no longer admits a school's absolute authority of ordering and disciplining，if certain important matters involve students' basic rights and are provided for by the law. In terms of the horizontal relationship，the disputes arising from students' rights of the person and their property rights are usually settled through civil action. Public schools，which have no independent source of income，are unable to independently bear civil liability，but the law fails to make specific provisions，thus distorting the relationship between public schools' passive capacity and active capacity. This problem can be settled through two approaches：In case of a public school's negligence，the government shall bear joint and several liability；and the risks of running a public school shall be covered by the insurance liability so as to socialize the liability for the compensation for students' casualty accidents.
Key words：public school；the relationship between schools and students；special power relation；the remedy to students' rights
Author：Lao Kaisheng，professor of the College of Education，Capital Normal University （Beijing 100048）
The Changes of the Policy for Rural Primary School Teacher Supplements: Review and Prospects over the Past 70 Years
Yang Weian
Abstract：Over the past 70 years，the policy for rural primary school teacher supplements in China has passed three stages：the supplements to both public school teachers and private school teachers，the supplements to teachers by assigning graduates from secondary teacher-training schools and employing substitute teachers（as a secondary means）， and the supplements to teachers through open recruitment and special projects. At present，contradictions and problems are exposed in rural primary school teacher supplements：the strict control of the total staff size of the rural primary school teachers，but the insufficient quantity of rural primary school teachers；the weak career attraction，and the low professional quality of rural primary school teachers；the oversupplied primary school teachers nationwide in general，but an insufficient supply of rural primary school teachers；the limited financial resources of governments at the county level， and insufficient funds for rural primary school teacher supplements. In addition，there is special difficulty in primary school teacher supplements in the deep poverty-stricken areas，such as certain regions（the Tibet，the Tibetan areas from Qinghai，Sichuan，Yunnan and Gansu，and four prefectures from southern Xinjiang）and three prefectures（Liangshan Prefecture from Sichuan，Nujiang Prefecture from Yunnan，and Linxia Prefecture from Gansu）. In the new era，we are supposed to increase the career attraction of rural primary school teachers by optimizing the external environment and strengthening the internal support，solve the problem of rural primary school teacher supplements in the framework for the staff size of teachers，focus on the rural primary school teacher supplements through the supply-side reform of teacher preparation，open diversified channels for rural primary school teacher supplements，and make special policies for rural primary school teacher supplements in the deep poverty-stricken areas.
Key words：staff size of teachers；rural primary school；teacher supplements；deep poverty-stricken area
Author：Yang Weian，associate professor of the China Institute of Rural Education Development，Northeast Normal University，Key Research Institute in University （Changchun 130024）
Big Data in Education：Ethical Demands and Their Realization
Qi Wanxue & Xie Juan
Abstract：Big data in education are composed of such elements as data subjects，data objects，educational activities and educational data. The ethical demands of big data in education，whose representations include the demands for both self-protection and social security，are the prerequisite for the governance of ethical risks，as well as the common pursuit of ethical values by structural elements such as data subjects and data objects. There are four interrelated，escalating ethical demands：the data subjects' endogenous demand featured by usefulness and harmlessness and their exogenous demand featured by responsibility and obligation，and the data objects' endogenous demand featured by data rights and their exogenous demand featured by institutional guarantees. The ethical demands can be finally met by depending on the establishment and maintenance of an ethical community of big data in education，namely，reaching a consensus on ethical beliefs by the community of ethical spirit，breaking down communication barriers and clarifying responsibilities by an ethical communication community，guaranteeing the system for data rights by a community of industry standards，and increasing the connections between big data technologies and educational humanities by an ethical culture community.
Key words：big data in education；ethical community；ethical demands
Authors：Qi Wanxue，Director of the Chinese Academy of Education Big Data，Qufu Normal University，and professor of the Faculty of Education，Qufu Normal University （Qufu 273165）；Xie Juan，associate professor of the School of Education and Psychology，University of Jinan （Jinan 250022）
Progress Means Quality：The View on Education Quality and the Pursuit of Value Targeting the Process of Students' Growth
Chi Yanjie
Abstract：The view on education quality underlies the evaluation of education quality. In the stage of compulsory education，the view on result-based quality，contained in the previous "criteria-results evaluation，" has positive functions，but its biggest problem is that it regards students as a batch of "products" without paying attention to their growth. Therefore，we need to establish the view on process-based quality by embracing the concept that "progress means quality，" which indicates encouraging students to know and change themselves in their learning and daily life，and educate themselves full of confidence. Teachers who conceive the concept that "progress means quality" will heed their students' daily performance，and encourage them to overcome difficulties and transcend themselves based on the educational principles of encouragement and disciplining. Educational policy-makers need to give teachers the right to discipline their students，and reduce comparisons and rankings among schools by rethinking the unified final examination within a district.
Key words：evaluation；students' growth；the view on education quality；progress means quality
Author：Chi Yanjie，professor of the School of Educational Science，Shenyang Normal University （Shenyang 110034）
The Construction of the Moral Education Community Based on the Knowledge Community
——The Coupling of Knowledge with Morality in Colleges and Universities
During Their High Morals Molding and Cultivation of Talents Based on People Orientation
Ren Shaobo & Shan Juehui
Abstract：The "knowledge community" is the natural attribute of colleges and universities，whereas the "moral education community" is the essential feature of the socialist colleges and universities with Chinese characteristics. China's colleges and universities，whose fundamental task is to mold high morals and cultivate talents based on people orientation，are supposed to view moral education from the perspective of knowledge，and in line with the interaction between morality and knowledge，build the "moral education community" based on the "knowledge community"，and explore creative approaches to molding high morals and cultivating talents based on people orientation. This study suggests that we should take the knowledge structure of multi-subjects in the community as the starting point of moral education， consummate the field coupling of moral education with intellectual education，smooth the way for the energy combination between multi-subjects，build up a system connection based on "common good"，promote the innovation of moral education through cutting-edge knowledge，improve the coordination of moral education through integrated knowledge， and stimulate the implementation of moral education through practice-centered knowledge.
Key words：colleges and universities；molding high morals and cultivating talents based on people orientation； knowledge community；moral education community
Authors：Ren Shaobo，Party Committee Secretary and research fellow of Zhejiang University；Shan Juehui，doctoral candidate of the School of Marxism，Zhejiang University （Hangzhou 310027）
The Rainbow under the Ideal Sky
——The Flourishment of the Thought on Public Education for Children 100 YearsAgo
Yu Benfa，Zhang Wenjun & Zheng Gang
Abstract：In the history of preschool education in China，besides such shining thoughts as "life education" and "living education"，the thought on public education for children born 100 years ago was noteworthy. Benefiting from the Enlightenment Movement，this thought explored history，absorbed various emerging theories，and was particularly inspired by the communist ideals. Later，it ebbed rapidly for various reasons，but it had a profound impact on preschool family education and social preschool education， and became an invisible impetus for the establishment and implementation of the preschool education system. More importantly，its democratic spirit represented by "arguments" and its scientific spirit represented by "experiments" continue to be an inexhaustible power to promote the innovation of educational thoughts.
Key words：public education for children；preschool education；democracy；science；ideal
Authors：Yu Benfa，professor of the School of Education，Central China Normal University；Zhang Wenjun， doctoral candidate of the School Education，Central China Normal University；Zheng Gang，associate professor of the School of Education，Central China Normal University （Wuhan 430079）
The OECD's Power and Mechanism in Its Participation in the Global Governance of Education
Ding Ruichang
Abstract：The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development（OECD）induces other entities to discard the dominant national arrangements and thereby achieves its global governance of education by developing a "good，" "correct" and "meaningful" system of educational knowledge and making use of its discourse and institutional resources to persuade other entities to accept its values. By relying on this productive power，the OECD has developed three mutually nonexclusive mechanisms for the global governance of education：the cognitive governance based on educational concepts construction，the digital governance based on education indicators development，and the normative governance based on education policy review. The OECD has made innovative contributions to the development of global education，but it apparently tends to be economistic，and its lofty professional status underpinning its qualification as a global education governor faces challenges.
Key words：governance of education；OECD；productive power
Author：Ding Ruichang，lecturer of the Faulty of Education，Beijing Normal University （Beijing 100875）
Universal Access to Upper Secondary Education：Connotations and Approaches
Li Jianmin
Abstract：An important integral part of the national system of education，upper secondary education serves as a crucial component linking compulsory education and higher education. According to China's Education Modernization 2035，China has set the goal of "universal access to upper secondary education，" which，based on "universal access，" aims at pursuing upper secondary education with Chinese characteristics so as to build China into a big country of learning，and a great power with rich human resources and outstanding talents. We need to seek theoretical support by clarifying the values contained in the basic relationships. Specifically，we need to deal with five relationships：the relationships between scale expansion and quality improvement，between general education and vocational education， between compulsory education and non-compulsory education， between balanced development and diversified development，and between overall development and partial development. Also，we should focus on consummating educational standards，adjusting the structure of educational supplies，stimulating the vitality of schools，and directing the demands for education，and we should change from the stress on the "denotative" scale to the stress on the "connotative" quality so as to promote the overall development of China's upper secondary education.
Key words：modernization of education；upper secondary education；universal access
Author：Li Jianmin，assistant researcher of the Research Center for Basic Education，National Institute of Education Sciences （Beijing 100088）
The Structural VPR Model for the
Evaluation of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education
Xu Xiaozhou
Abstract：The determination of evaluation elements and their structure underlies the evaluation of innovation and entrepreneurship education. This study，based on the Grounded Theory and interviews， aims to explore the three-dimensional structural VPR evaluation model for innovation and entrepreneurship education. The VPR evaluation model consists of 3 first-level indicators （value，process，and result），8 second-level indicators （spiritual value， realistic value， policy input， educational input， students' development， enterprise development， entrepreneurial performance，products and achievements），and 29 third-level indicators. This model，characterized by multi-dimension， multi-levels and multi-components，lays stress on the combination of spiritual value evaluation and realistic value evaluation，the combination of developmental evaluation and performance evaluation，and the combination of short-term evaluation and long-term evaluation. It enriches the evaluation of innovation and entrepreneurship education，and provides a theoretical reference for the practice of innovation and entrepreneurship education.
Key words：innovation and entrepreneurship education；VPR（value，process，and result）；structure of evaluation； multilevel models
Author：Xu Xiaozhou，Vice President of the Communication University of Zhejiang，and professor of the College of Education，Zhejiang University （Hangzhou 310012）
The Quality Evaluation of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education
——An Empirical Study from 1 231 Colleges and Universities in China
Huang Zhaoxin & Huang Yangjie
Abstract：According to a questionnaire-based survey of 201 034 students and teachers from 1 231 colleges and universities in China， the entrepreneurship policy has helped the students to be more willing to participate in entrepreneurship activities；innovation and entrepreneurship education has further been carried out，but lack of teachers is still the first major problem；the curriculum for entrepreneurship needs to be enriched to be closely integrated with the specialized subjects；entrepreneurship competitions have become an important platform for the students' all-round development，but more competition events need to be put into practice；the teachers make a high evaluation of the process of innovation and entrepreneurship education，with the leadership being the most important factor affecting its quality； and the students also make a high evaluation of its process，with the practice of entrepreneurship being the most important factor affecting their willingness to take entrepreneurial action and their knowledge and skills. Therefore，to consummate China's system for the quality evaluation of innovation and entrepreneurship education，we need to establish a chain evaluation system and strengthen the overall quality supervision，develop the core indicators integrating the results and the process，and design quality evaluation schemes at different levels and under different categories.
Key words：colleges and universities；innovation and entrepreneurship education；quality evaluation
Authors：Huang Zhaoxin，Dean and professor of the China Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education Research Institute，Wenzhou Medical University；Huang Yangjie，Deputy Dean and associate professor of the China Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education Research Institute，Wenzhou Medical University （Wenzhou 325035）
From Loose Connection to Entity Embedding: The Dilemma of and the Breakthrough in the Integration of Industry and Education in Vocational Education
Hao Tiancong & Shi Weiping
Abstract：From the perspective of organizational sociology，the integration of industry and education in vocational education is in essence the reconstruction of the organizational relationship between vocational colleges and enterprises under the system of the socialist market economy. In the stage of the inter-organizational market relationship，vocational colleges and enterprises are loosely connected，and the integration of industry and education will face such problems as limited rationality，uncertainty，complexity，speculative behavior，and the "decimal phenomenon." To deepen the integration of industry and education，we need to promote the transition from loose connection to entity embedding， reconstruct the inter-organizational hierarchical relationship，and apply the concepts of "introducing education into enterprises" and "introducing enterprises into education" to the practice of vocational education. Enterprises should play a major role in the entire process of talents cultivation in vocational education. Through the construction of the regional system for coordinated production conducive to skill accumulation，we will be able to match the industrial structure with the mode of economic operation.
Key words： vocational education； the integration of industry and education； organizational sociology； school-running model
Authors：Hao Tiancong，doctoral candidate of the Faculty of Education，East China Normal University；Shi Weiping，professor of the Faculty of Education，East China Normal University （Shanghai 200062）
How to Promote Preschoolers' Healthy Personality
——An Empirical Study Based on a Field Experiment in Education Across China
Yang Lizhu，Gao Yuwan，Sun Yan & Zhao Nan
Abstract：Preschoolers' healthy personality indicates the healthy，stable and balanced personality traits that are universal and positively adaptable in their personality structure. Personality training should start in early childhood. This study constructed a game program，which involved seeking progress independently and other 8 traits，and 108 detailed game programs with Chinese cultural characteristics for the cultivation of preschoolers' healthy personality. A one-year field experiment in education across China showed the following results：The field experiment produced a significantly satisfactory effect，with the preschoolers in the post-test group scoring significantly higher in personality than those in the control group；after a year of experiment，there was a smaller proportion of low-control and over-control preschoolers， and a larger proportion of adaptable preschoolers. The study concludes that the Chinese game program for the cultivation of preschoolers' healthy personality can effectively promote the development of Chinese preschoolers' healthy personality.
Key words：preschooler；healthy personality；Chinese game programs；mode of cultivation
Authors：Yang Lizhu，professor of the College of Psychology，Liaoning Normal University （Dalian 116029）
Positive Persistence or Negative Avoidance
——The Impact of the Family Environment on the Academic Persistence of Junior High School Students in Rural Areas
Yang Baoyan & Liu Yujiao
Abstract：The first place for teenagers to learn and grow，the family is an important environment variable affecting adolescents' behavior and academic performance. This study，based on a survey of 317 junior high school students in rural areas，aims to explore the mechanism for the family environment to affect the academic persistence of junior high school students in rural areas. The results show the following： There were significant correlations between the family background，the parenting concept，the family tradition，and the academic persistence of the junior high school students in rural areas； positive-high arousal emotions， positive-low arousal emotions and negative-low arousal emotions mediated between the family background and academic persistence；positive-high arousal emotions and positive-low arousal emotions mediated between the parenting concept，the family tradition，and academic persistence；the beliefs about adversity positively moderated the mediating effect of the parenting concept and the family tradition on academic persistence，namely，the more positive the beliefs about adversity were，the stronger the parenting concept and the family tradition affected academic persistence through positive-high arousal emotions，and vice versa. Based on this，families， schools and the government are supposed to attach importance to family education and the family tradition，and stimulate the endogenous motivation of students' academic persistence to improve the ability of rural families to seek educational opportunities.
Key words：junior high school students in rural areas；family environment；academic emotions；beliefs about adversity；academic persistence
Authors：Yang Baoyan，associate professor of the Center for Studies of Education Development of Ethnic Minorities in Northwest China，Northwest Normal University，Key Research Institute in University；Liu Yujiao，graduate student of the College of Psychology，Northwest Normal University （Lanzhou 730070）
Teachers as Lifelong Learners：Shanghai Results and Lessons from the TALIS
Zhu Xiaohu & Zhang Minxuan
Abstract：The Teaching and Learning International Survey（TALIS），an international teacher research project which has so far brought the largest number of countries or regions into participation，aims to help them develop high-quality educational policies and build a high-quality contingent of teachers by collecting and analyzing reliable，timely and comparable data. The teachers from Shanghai showed outstanding performance in the core dimensions of the TALIS： adequate pre-service education，a high degree of professional recognition，a high rate of participation in in-service and tutoring activities，and great advantages in in-service professional development；also，they boasted of distinctive teaching behaviors，a consensus on professional cooperation and innovation，and significantly increasing job satisfaction. The TALIS helps Shanghai understand the major challenges facing the teachers across the globe and the strategies from different countries or regions，thus broadening their horizons in their research into the building of the teaching force. On average，Shanghai has obtained much more investment and support in teachers' professional development than other countries，but it still needs to improve teachers' initiative in professional development. In general，the policies and experience of Shanghai can be kept for reference.
Key words：teacher；the Teaching and Learning International Survey （TALIS）；professional development for teachers；teaching force
Authors：Zhu Xiaohu，associate professor of Research Institute for International and Comparative Education， Shanghai Normal University；Zhang Minxuan，Dean and professor of Research Institute for International and Comparative Education，Shanghai Normal University （Shanghai 200234）
Enlightening Students in Their Daily Life: Teachers' Mission and Ability
Yan Conggen
Abstract：To realize modern education，we need to change our views on education，and conduct education by means of enlightenment in daily life. Teachers need to shoulder the mission of enlightening their students in their daily life by making their students social subjects. To achieve this，teachers need to have the ability to treat them with dignity and provide just protection for them in their daily life at school to help them become self-subjects；they should have the ability to promote consultations and democracy to help their students become interdependent subjects；and they should have the ability to construct a community where "I，we and the community" coexist to help their students eventually become social subjects.
Key words：enlightenment in daily life；teachers' mission；teachers' ability
Author：Yan Conggen，Vice Dean and associate professor of the School of Education，Hangzhou Normal University（Hangzhou 311121）
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EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
（Monthly）
June 2019
Contents
The Strategies for the Practice of the CPC Central Committee's General Secretary Xi Jinping's Important Expositions on Education …………………… Wang Dinghua
Controversies over the Assessment of Academic Impact …………………… Yan Guangcai
"Artificial Intelligence + Education"：The Existence of an Intermediary Constituent …………………… Ning Hong & Lai Limin
Who Is the Original Educator …………………… Li Changwei
Experiential Moral Education：A Moral Education Model Based on John Dewey's Philosophy …………………… Liu Changhai
Understanding People's Literacy Through a Connection to Their Activities …………………… Chen Youqing
The Shift of the Research Paradigms for the Philosophy for Children …………………… Wang Shu
Reforming Schooling and Making Human Kinds in America：The Double Gestures of Inclusion and Exclusion in the Practices of Schooling …………………… Thomas Stanly Popkewitz
The Quality Assessment of International Child Care Institutions …………………… Hong Xiumin，Zhu Wenting & Wei Ruoyu
Building World-Class Universities：The Chinese Mode and Its International Influence …………………… Chen Liyuan & Liu Niancai
The Basic Logics of Textbook Management in Colleges and Universities in China …………………… Du Ruijun & Li Mang
Measuring Equity in Education：Evolving Paths and Representative Methods …………………… Zhou Hongmin & Fang Guangbao
On the Support and Guarantee for Rural School Modernization …………………… The Research Group
From Holistic Construction to Categorized Development：Strategy Transformation for the Regional
Construction of the Urban and Rural Teachers Community …………………… Wang Shulian
An Analysis of the Effect of the CSC's Overseas Study Project for Middle School English Teachers from the Boarders and Mountainous Areas in Western Yunnan …………………… Wei Ying，Yao Qian & Zhang Ning
Reforming Schooling and Making Human Kinds in America：
The Double Gestures of Inclusion and Exclusion in the Practices of Schooling
Thomas Stanly Popkewitz
Abstract：Standards are taken as ways of thinking about universal and different events in the practice of everyday life. The standards of education are the principles generated in people's self-reflection and administration of children. These standards relate historically to the rules about who the child is and should be and who is "different" and thus excluded. At the turn of the 20th century，differences and divisions were historically established to make "urban" teachers（at schools left behind）and children in the development of American social and education sciences. The sciences of teaching and learning in America embody cultural theses about kinds of people. These cultural theses inscribe double gestures：the hope of schooling to make all kinds of children who embody modes of living and a moral order；with this hope of inclusion are simultaneous fears of the dangers and dangerous populations. The thinking about the schooling reform as making kinds of people and as double gestures of inclusion and exclusion is a historical method about present schooling and educational research. Also，the double gestures of the schooling reform can help reveal the limits of the contemporary frameworks for American schooling reform.
Key words：educational reform；making of people；double gestures；exclusion；inclusion；reason
Author： Thomas Stanly Popkewitz， professor of the School of Education， University of Wisconsin-Madison（Madison WI 53706）
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EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
（Monthly）
May 2019
Contents
Strengthen Educational Research in the New Era and Accelerate the Modernization of Education …………………… Tian Xuejun
Educational Evaluation：Transcendence Based on the Competitions Between Necessity and Reality …………………… Liu Zhijun & Xu Bin
Childhood：A State of Knowledge and a State of Intention …………………… Kang Yongjiu
The Value of Conscience in Modern Education …………………… Gao Wei
On Form Dimension and Practical Path of Moral Education …………………… Long Hongxia ＆ Zhang Weiliang
The Methodological Construction of the Discourse Analysis of Textbooks …………………… Wang Panfeng
The Realization of Teachers' Power in Curriculum in the School System …………………… Li Hongxiu & Zhang Xiaojuan
Promoting Rights and Interests Through Education：Educational Topics in America's Child Welfare Movement …………………… Zhu He
How to Develop Higher-Order Skills …………………… Peng Zhengmei，Wu Shaoyang & Deng Li Research-based Reflection：An Analysis on Teacher Candidates' Educational Practice in Finland …………………… ZhangXiaoguang
Construction of Flexible Pricing Mechanism for Public-Interest Kindergartens …………………… Feng Wanzhen & Wu Jiantao
Rediscovering Universities Through Entrepreneurial Thinking …………………… Wang Jianhua
Interdisciplinary Talents Training Modes in World-Class Universities：A Comparison and Implications …………………… Zheng Shiming
Evolution and Reflection：Adult Education Theory Research in the 70 Years …………………… Sun Lixin &Yue Chuanyong
The Contributions of Education to the Green GDP …………………… Chen Ran，Ding Xiaohao & Min Weifang
The Policy of Educational Equity in China：Changes，Characteristics and Trends …………………… Xue Eryong, Liu Miao & Li Jian
The Changes of China's Online Education Policy：Based on the Multiple Streams Theory …………………… Guo Can & Chen Enlun
Strengthen Educational Research in the
New Era and Accelerate the Modernization of Education
Tian Xuejun
Abstract：The field of educational research in China has been penetratingly studying and implementing Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era，along with the guiding principles set forth at the 19th session of the CPC National Congress. The in-depth implementation of the CPC Central Committee's general secretary Xi Jinping's important expositions on education and the spirit of the National Education Conference has achieved outstanding results in giving consultations on the governance of the country，cultivating talents，creating new theories，guiding educational practice，and directing public opinion. Facing a new environment with a corresponding set of new tasks and requirements，our field of educational research is supposed to fulfill the following missions：First，we should preserve a firm political orientation，arm our minds with Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era，pay strict attention to political issues，and stand firm on the side of the people；second，we should focus on molding high morals and cultivating talents based on people orientation，build a system of talent cultivation by firmly focusing on that goal and improving the related mechanisms in this regard；third，we should conduct research with Chinese characteristics and standpoints，promote the innovative development of fine Chinese traditions，and attach importance to the creative transformation of overseas experience；fourth，we should highlight quality-oriented research，and improve research quality by exploring the law of education，solving real problems，and creating new research methods；and fifth， we should build a more powerful contingent of educational researchers，arouse their enthusiasm for their work，reduce their workload，create a favorable academic atmosphere，and improve the safeguard mechanism for them.
Key words：new era；educational research；modernization of education
Author：Tian Xuejun，a member of the Party Group，and Vice Minister of Education of the PRC （Beijing 100816）
The Contributions of Education to the Green GDP
Chen Ran，Ding Xiaohao & Min Weifang
Abstract：The Green GDP，which genuinely reflects social welfare，social progress and sustainable economic development，can be used to comprehensively measure the role of education in the green GDP accounting system，and embody the real value of education in the economic growth. The previous research literature estimated the contributions of education to the economic growth mainly by means of the traditional national economic accounting system. This study， based on an analysis of the impact of education on the green GDP through the green GDP accounting system，aims to explore the significance of education in economic development，especially in economic sustainable development. The results show that education benefits the national green economic development，and that compared with the traditional GDP，education has a more significant impact on the green GDP. Now important strategic opportunities are facing China， where education plays a more significant role in the new model of economic development.
Key words：Green GDP； sustainable development；contributions of education
Authors：Chen Ran，graduate student of the Graduate School of Education，Peking University；Ding Xiaohao， professor of the Institute of Economics of Education of Peking University，Key Research Institute in University；Min Weifang，professor of the Institute of Economics of Education of Peking University，Key Research Institute in University（Beijing 100871）
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EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
（Monthly）
April 2019
Contents
On Scientific Problems and the Increase of Knowledge of Pedagogy …………………… Yuan Zhenguo
An Analysis of the "Dewey Effect"：A Perspective of Academic History …………………… Dong Biao
A Sinicized Interpretationof Dewey's Concept of "Education Is Life" …………………… Gu Hongliang
Dewey's Trip to China：A Hundred-Year Echo of Educational Thoughts …………………… Guo Faqi
Stimulating Students' Positive Attitude Towards LifeThrough Teaching …………………… Liu Tiefang & Wang Hui
The Formation of the Subject in the Anthropocene：Sustainability，Mimesis，Ritual，and Gesture …………………… Christoph Wulf
On the Localization Dilemma and Surpass of the Pedagogy in China …………………… An Fuhai
MacIntyre's Virtue Ethics：AnInterpretation of the Rationality of Moral Education …………………… Zhang Yan & Han Wei
A New Interpretation of Several Basic Concepts of Educational Examinations in the Qing Dynasty …………………… Liu Xiwei
An Ethical Perspective of America'sCritical Pedagogy …………………… Zhou Xianfeng
A New Analysis of the Development of Independent Colleges ……………………Zhong Binglin & Zhou Haitao
An Empirical Study of the Factors of College Students' Innovative Behavior …………………… Li Xianyin，Zhang Baofang & Jiang Liping
The Construction of the Curriculum Leadership Community from the Perspective of Critical Pedagogy …………………… Chen Xiaofei & Hao Zhijun
On the Connotations and Levels of Teaching Virtues …………………… Li Sen & Gao Jing
Differentiated Instruction：A TeachingTheory Rooted in Chinese Culture …………………… Hua Guodong
The Solution to After-School Services in China ………………………………………Ma Jiansheng & Zou Wei
Re-exploration of the Mechanism for the Risk Compensation Fundfor Students' Origin-Based Loans …………………… Feng Tingli & Xu Heng
How to Retain Rural Teachers？ …………………… Tang Yipeng & Wang Heng
The Initial Legitimacy of China's QualitativeResearch in Education：Retrospect and Reflections …………………… Yang Fan & Chen Xiangming
The Practice of Standard-Driven Separation of Supervision，Enforcement and Evaluation in Education …………………… Yang Chunfang
On Scientific Problems and the Increase of Knowledge of Pedagogy
Yuan Zhenguo
Abstract：The history of the development of a specialized subject indicates the history of the increasing knowledge of it，and the rich，layered and updated knowledge of a specialized subject determines the social value andacademic status of the specialized subject. A continuous increase of knowledge in a specialized subject is needed by both the specialized subject itself and social development. Compared with most specialized subjects of socialsciences，pedagogy contains poor and slowly increased knowledge. Therefore，accelerating the increase of knowledge is an urgent task in the development of pedagogy. The key issue lies in focusing on scientific problems，strengthening empirical research，and offering a scientific basis for pedagogy's revealing the rules for education， guiding educational practice， supporting scientific decision-making，and improving talent cultivation.
Key words：pedagogy；knowledge growth；scientific problem
Author：Yuan Zhenguo，Dean and professor of Faculty of Education，East China Normal University （Shanghai 200062）
An Analysis of the "Dewey Effect"：A Perspective of Academic History
Dong Biao
Abstract：Dewey's influence on China's education is called the "Dewey effect." The academic field of education explored it by taking various attitudes and using different approaches，and Chinese scholars conducted a deeperresearch into it than their American counterparts. The Dewey effect was uniquely driven by the integration of the traveling theory and communication. The brilliant strategies to produce the Dewey effect included Sinicizing thecultural capital of Dewey's thoughts and expanding the symbolic capital of Dewey's action. The major representations of the Dewey effect included the ideological trends to change methodologies，the knowledge revolution toreconstruct the ideas of education，and the cultural movements to create a new value. The communities bearing the Dewey effect had different stances and attributes. The Dewey effect was revealed by various ways of integratingcommunities and capital in terms of tapping high-quality resources from ideological revolutions，grasping the theoretical instruments for educational reforms，focusing on a beneficial reference to cultural transformation，anddrawing lessons from democratic revolutions.
Key words：Dewey；the Dewey effect；traveling theory；China's education
Author：Dong Biao，professor of the School of Education，South China Normal University （Guangzhou 510631）
A New Analysis of the Development of Independent Colleges
Zhong Binglin & Zhou Haitao
Abstract：Independent colleges，an important integral part of institutions of higher learning in China，develop slowly in standardized construction，and are facing such problems as ambiguous policy expectations，lack of funds，the slow development of teachers，limited autonomy，and poor connotative construction. On the principle of "leadership by the government，localized management，the employment of measures in light of local conditions，thedevising of a policy for each institution of higher learning，" it is recommended to formulate a national guide and local regulations concerning the standardized construction of independent colleges；improve the mechanism foroverall coordination and strengthen the provincial government's right to coordinate； establish a differentiated system of standardized construction and management； intensify the support from the government and the autonomy byindependent colleges； and guide independent colleges to improve connotative construction to promote their sustainable development.
Key words：higher education；independent college；policy system；classification-oriented guidance
Authors：Zhong Binglin，President of the Chinese Society of Education，professor of Faculty of Education，Beijing Normal University；Zhou Haitao，Dean and professor of the China Non-governmental Education Institute，BeijingNormal University （Beijing 100875）
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EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
（Monthly）
March 2019
Contents
On the Development of World-Class Universities with Chinese Characteristics in the New Era ………………………………………………………………………Wang Jiayi，Zhang Jin & Peng Yong
Developing Fairer and Higher-Quality Education（Written Essays） ………………………Pang Lijuan [et al]
The 2018 Annual Report on China's Educational Research into Cutting-Edge and Hot Issues …………………………………………………………………………………………Our Editorial Staff
Hot Issues and Prospects for Pedagogy Research …………………………………Xuan Xiaohong & Shi Baojie
The Specialization of Subject-Specific Education：The Foundation of Subject-Specific Knowledge and the Pathways to Construct Knowledge of Subject-Specific Education ………………………Zhou Bin
Reflections on and Reconstruction of the Sociality of Knowledge ……………………Shi Yan & Zhang Xinliang
A National Empirical Study of Students' and Parents' Satisfaction with Basic Education ……………………The Research Group
The Ways to Improve the Education Quality of Small Rural Schools Based on School Cluster Development……………………………………………Zhao Dan，Fan Xianzuo & Guo Qingyang
The Triple Logic of the Dynamic Adjustment of Specialized Subjects in Institutions of Higher Learning …………………………………………………………Zhang Dexiang & Wang Xiaoling
General Education in Chinese Institutions of Higher Learning：Retrospect and Prospects …………………………………………………………………………………Zhou Guping & Zhang Li
The Changes of Higher Vocational Education Policies：A Perspective of Historical Institutionalism ………………………………………………………………………………Pan Maoyuan & Zhu Leping
Targeted Poverty Alleviation：New Consideration for the Reform of Vocational Education ……………………Yang Xiaomin
The Transition of the Paradigms for China's Education Policy …………………………………………………………Meng Fanhua，Zhang Shuang & Wang Tianxiao
New Educational Think-Tanks：The Patterns of Organization and Research Pathways ……………………Han Yumei & Song Naiqing
The Value of Study Tours at Primary and Secondary Schools from the Perspective of Living Culture ……………………Yin Shidong
Hot Issues and Prospects for Pedagogy Research
——An Analysis of the Papers Reproduced in 2018 by the
Replicated Journal Education of the Information Center for Social Sciences，RUC
Xuan Xiaohong & Shi Baojie
Abstract：A statistical analysis of the papers reproduced in 2018 by the Replicated Journal Education of the Information Center for Social Sciences shows that the papers derived from various kinds of journals， especially Educational Research，Research in Educational Development，and Global Education，and that the vast majority of first authors came from institutions of higher learning. The hot and key issues about pedagogy mainly focused on basic theories of education，educational reform and development，education and economy，scientific research into education，moral education，curriculum and teaching，educational technology，teacher education，history of education，and comparative education. The future research into pedagogy will tend to include such issues as the socialist educational thoughts with Chinese characteristics for the new era；the retrospection of and reflections on educational research for the 70th anniversary of the founding of the PRC；the educational system for all-around development in morals，intelligence，sound constitution，aesthetics，and job skills；artificial intelligence and education；education evaluation；the construction of the teaching force；the strategy of coordinative development of regional education；and international education.
Key words：pedagogy research；hot and key issues；Replicated Journal Education of Information Center for Social Sciences of RUC；reproduction of papers
Authors：Xuan Xiaohong，senior editor of the Replicated Journal Education of the Information Center for Social Sciences of RUC；Shi Baojie，editor of Replicated Journal Education of Information Center for Social Sciences of RUC
（Beijing 100086）
Reflections on and Reconstruction of the Sociality of Knowledge
——Educational Implications from the Knowledge-Based View of Social Realism
Shi Yan & Zhang Xinliang
Abstract：Since the end of the 20th century，the field of sociology of education has offered reflections on whether revealing the social power relations of knowledge does contribute to educational equity. The knowledge-based view of social realism，which was proposed to fill in the blanks of the theory of knowledge in the education policy so as to provide an alternative scheme to bridge over the chasms between "vision" and "explanation" in the sociology of education，reflects and reconstructs the sociality of knowledge by advocating that the object of knowledge is reality rather than experience， that the production of knowledge is featured by emergence in that it can go beyond the specific social and historical conditions under which knowledge is produced，and that the objectivity of knowledge is a sort of procedural objectivity with social grounds. This knowledge-based view has changed the study of the cultural effect into the study of the knowledge-based effect since the new sociology of education came into being，thus viewing knowledge itself as a core issue in the sociology of education. This is of great significance to the choice of the knowledge of school curriculums，the key teaching points in class，and the emphasis on teachers' professional knowledge. Meanwhile，this indicates that educational equity in the field of knowledge has been further promoted.
Key words：curriculum theory；social realism；sociality of knowledge；powerful knowledge
Authors：Shi Yan，professor of Faculty of Education，Northeast Normal University；Zhang Xinliang，graduate student of Faculty of Education，Northeast Normal University （Changchun 130024）
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EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
（Monthly）
February 2019
Contents
On the Great Changes of China's Education …………………… Wu Degang
The Subject of the Human Race：A Humanity-Oriented Hypothesis of Ecological Civilization Education …………………… Feng Jianjun
Strengthening Textbook Construction in the New Era（Written Essays）……………………… Ma Yunpeng et al
Building an Integrated Univeristy …………………………………………………… He Guoqing & He Zhenhai
The Theory and Practice of China's Preschool Education Indicator System …………………… Huo Liyan，Sun Qiangqiang & Hu Hengbo
The Study on Academic Program Closure in Public Universities of USA and its Implication …………………… Jiang Linhao，Shen Wenqin & Chen Hongjie
The Impact of Differentiated Basic Education on the Income Distribution in Rural China …………………… Liu Guangqiang & Yang Zhiqing
An Empirical Analysis of the Mechanisms Affecting Innovative Talents Cultivation Performance in the Background of "Double World-Class" University Construction ……………… Wang Kai & Hu Chidi
A University-Affiliated Think Tank's Cultural Characteristics and Culture Cultivation ……………… Liu Fucai
The Impact of Confucian Values on the Development of Vocational Education and the Transcendence of Vocational Education …………………… Yang Manfu
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Skill Demands and Its Implications for Education Supply …………………… Yuan Yuzhi & Du Yuhong
Advancing the Separation of Supervision，Enforcement and Evaluation by Educational Supervision in the New Era …………………… He Xiuchao
Collaborative Mechanisms for Law Enforcement in Education：Formation and Practice Logic …………………… Gao Hang
How Far is China's Present Education from the Education for Sustainable Development in 2030 …………………… Huang Zhongjing，Wu Jie & Tang Lining
The Interpretation of Love and the Realization of It Through Education ………………………… Tan Chuanbao
A Probe into New Science Education in China …………………………………… Zhu Yongxin & Wang Weiqun
The Subject of the Human Race：
A Humanity-Oriented Hypothesis of Ecological Civilization Education
Feng Jianjun
Abstract: Reflecting on ecological crisis from the perspective of human nature, possessive individual subjectivity is the root of ecological crisis. To get out of the ecological crisis and building ecological civilization, wemust go beyond the possessive individual subjectivity to the human subject. From possessive individual subject to human subject, we need to change the way of thinking and values from individual philosophy to human philosophy.Education promotes the construction of ecological civilization, which is fundamentally to cultivate the human subject and promote the all-round and free development of human beings. Human subject education surpassesenvironmental education, sustainable development education and eco-human education in the past, and realizes the real unity of man and nature, man and society, man and self in an all-round way.
Keywords: ecological civilization; possessive individual subject; human subject; ecological civilization education
Author: Feng Jianjun，Director of f Moral Education Institute，Nanjing Normal University，Key Research Institute in University （Nanjing 210097）
Building an Integrated Univeristy
——The Historical and Practical Significance of Seminars
He Guoqing & He Zhenhai
Abstract：Seminar，which originated in Germany in the 18th century， remains one of the most popular teaching methods in Western universities. It adapts to the idea of combining teaching and research in contemporary universities， and emphasizes developing students' awareness of research，innovative spirit and independent learning ability，thus helping building a harmonious teacher-student relationship，making up for the shortcomings oftraditional lecturing methods，and promoting the rapid development of science and academic research.
Key words：Germany's universities；teaching in modern universities；teaching methods；seminar
Authors： He Guoqing， Dean and professor of College of Teacher Education， Ningbo University （Ningbo 315211）；He Zhenhai，professor of College of Education，Hebei University （Baoding 071002）
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EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
Number 1 January 2019
Pushing Forward the Prosperity and Development of Education Science under the Guidance of Planning …Chen Baosheng
Moral Imagination and Moral Education …Gao Desheng
New Labor Education：Features of Connotations and Routes of Practice …Ban Jianwu
Exploring "Knowledge Map" on Curriculum and Teaching Theory Research …Wang Jian & Li Zelin
History of Chinese Education Study in Forty Years of Reform and Opening-up
…Tian Zhengping & Pan Wenyang
On Historical Evolution and Future Development of Comparative Education …Chen Shijian & Wang Yuan
An Empirical Study of the Factors Affecting the Job Satisfaction of Compulsory Education Teachers…Wu Xiangrong
The Cognitive Diagnostic Assessment of Lower Primary School Students' Chinese
Character Learning …Zhang Qirui[et al]
University Virtues：Tradition and Reality …Zhou Chuan
Building a Coordinated Mechanism During the Systematic Performance of the Fundamental Task of High Morals Molding and People-Oriented Cultivation of Talents …Chang Qing & Han Xiping
The Dual Economy Policy and the Dual Dilemma of Vocational Education Development in China…Xu Guoqing
Does Education Expansion Affect the Returns to Education？ …Fang Changchun
The Evolution of the Theory of the Educational Structure …Sun Miantao＆ Li Sha
Enhancing Rural Teachers' Professional Attraction in Minority Regions：Ideas and Routes of Practice…Zhao Xin
The Development of the Discipline of Educational Technology：Questions and Answers…Ren Youqun & Gu Xiaoqing
The New Drivers of Growth for Teaching Staff Construction …Li Yi & Zhao Xinglong
Pushing Forward the Prosperity and Development of Education Science under the Guidance of Planning
Chen Baosheng
Abstract：Planning is a major advantage of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics，and a great strategy for the CPC's governance of China. Since the reform and opening-up，the planning for education science has played such significant roles as a "weather vane，" a "gas station，" a "public communication team，" and a "night watchman." In the new era，educational research should，by means of planning，mobilize relevant forces，allocate the resources，and promote innovations. We are supposed to hold high the banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics，serve as a strict gatekeeper in the planning for education science by imposing strict inspections on political， professional and quality-based matters，make a correct judgment on the development of education，paint a good picture of the educational reform，establish a good standard for educational research，build a good bridge for educational research by using correct methods to conduct educational research，cultivate qualified talents of educational research，and make a good plan for education science. In particular，we should conduct research into the CPC Central Committee's general secretary Xi Jinping's important expositions on education，the high-quality development of education，the relationship between education and the population structure，the historical experience of the development of education since the founding of the CPC，and other major problems of theory and practice.
Key words：planning for education science；education science research；the development of education science
Author：Chen Baosheng，Party Group Secretary and Minister of the Ministry of Education of the PRC （Beijing 100816）
History of Chinese Education Study in Forty Years of Reform and Opening-up
——Based on Journal Articles and Doctoral Dissertations
Tian Zhengping & Pan Wenyang
Abstract：The journal articles and doctoral dissertations on the history of Chinese education over the past four decades after reform and opening-up are studied from two dimensions——the historical periods and the educational subjects. It is found that the number of journal articles has experienced a sluggish period before it grows rapidly. The subjects of journal articles are expanding across traditionally focused fields of educational figures，thought and systems to a widespread attention to all kinds of educational forms and problems. The interest in theory of Chinese education is
improved. The research paradigm is characterized by its diversity. However，there are also problems such as poor quality， trivial and repeated themes，over attention to the reality，and imbalance in the historical periods of the writings. Changes in the number of doctoral dissertations over the past forty years are mainly affected by the number of doctoral programs. As for the historical periods of the dissertations，there is a preference of modern period to ancient period which trends generally the same with that of the journal articles. In terms of the themes of the dissertations，affected by the general attention to Gaokao reform，the number of educational systems themed dissertations exceeds those focusing on figures and thought. The dissertations on the themes of educational figures and thought have richer subjects which avoid the minus side of repeated themes of journal articles. In the future，we should place the improvements of research quality and academic standards in the highest place. And we need to learn how to navigate the fine line between truth and practicability when paying attention to the reality and making positive responses. Moreover，we should remain open to the changes in research paradigms，theory and methods.
Key words：forty years of reform and opening-up；History of Chinese Education；journal articles；doctoral dissertations
Authors： Tian Zhengping， professor of College of Education， Zhejiang University； Pan Wenyang， doctoral
candidate of College of Education，Zhejiang University （Hangzhou 310028）
On Historical Evolution and Future Development of Comparative Education
Chen Shijian & Wang Yuan
Abstract：With the constant reforms of China's education and the rapid development of the discipline of education， the theoretical system of comparative education in China has gradually attained mature development. Specifically， comparative education has gradually obtained a clear identity in the debates，the fields of knowledge have gradually been expanded and enriched，and the disciplinary system has constantly been consummated. All these achievements play a significant role in the prosperity of educational theories and the innovation of educational practice. However，comparative education still has problems in the theoretical basis，research paradigms，and internal motivations. It can be seen from the developments over the 40 years of reform and opening-up that comparative education needs to longitudinally pay more attention to its contemporary significance and offer China's wisdom to serve the educational development of mankind，and horizontally widen its compatible value and make unswerving efforts to build an academic community and enhance the internal disciplinary motivations.
Key words：comparative education；comparative education research；discipline development
Authors：Chen Shijian，Vice President and professor of Southwest University；Wang Yuan，doctoral candidate of Faculty of Education，Southwest University （Chongqing 400715）
University Virtues：Tradition and Reality
Zhou Chuan
Abstract：University virtues，inherited and carried forward with the development of universities，serve as the inherent needs of universities' essential attributes，a requisite for their fulfillment of their own missions，and a precondition for them to enjoy freedom and autonomy. Based on the actual performance of university members，university virtues are reflected in teaching，research and management，which are secured by people's conscience and strict systems. First-class universities should more consciously pursue higher virtues.
Key words：university virtues；educational virtues；research virtues；administration virtues
Author：Zhou Chuan，professor of Education Research Institute，Soochow University （Suzhou 215123）
The Development of the Discipline of Educational Technology：Questions and Answers
Ren Youqun & Gu Xiaoqing
Abstract：The discipline of educational technology started to be established in China in 1978，when the policy of reform and opening-up was carried out. Over the past four decades，it has passed such stages as audiovisual education， information technology education，education informatization，and intelligence-led education，and has made remarkable achievements in talent cultivation，theoretical research，and discipline practices. Specifically，higher goals of talent cultivation have been achieved，from technical support-based auxiliary teaching designing to education ecology designing reshaped by applied information technology；disciplinary knowledge has been continuously enriched，from the early disciplinary theory inheritance and development to today's interdisciplinary theoretical innovation； and discipline practices have been constantly enriched，from the early participation in information technology education and promotion of educational informationization to the guidance of the development of educational informationization by remodeling education ecology. At present，in the background of Educational Informationization 2.0 and intelligence-led education， the discipline of educational technology develops slowly，and there are still many challenges in the methodological breakthrough of disciplinary theories and the intelligence upgrading of discipline practices. In the future，the discipline of educational technology is expected to show its advantages，and based on the practice of educational informationization， increase disciplinary strengths，and gradually build a discipline of educational technology with Chinese characteristics and international standards.
Key words：the 40-year reform and opening-up；the discipline of educational technology；discipline development
Authors：Ren Youqun，professor of Faculty of Education，East China Normal University；Gu Xiaoqing，professor of Faculty of Education，East China Normal University （Shanghai 200062）
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EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
Volume 36 Number 6 June 2015
The Anthropology Paradigm of Educational Research and Its Improvement…Sun Jieyuan
Discourse Practice of Educational Theory：A Path to Educational Practice…Yu Qingchen
Performance Evaluation on Higher Education Institutions： The Theoretical Thoughts about Practice…Zhang Nanxing， Wang Chunchun & Jiang Zhaohui
Data-intensive Evaluation： Concept， Methodology and Prospect in Higher Education Monitoring Evaluation…Wang Zhanjun， Qiao Weifeng & Li Jiangbo
On the Elements of School and Academic Progress of Higher Education Institutions…Huang Mingdong， Chen Mengqian & Liu Bowen
Emergence of Newly Inter-discipline Direction in Research-oriented Universities…Zhu Ling， Xue Ping & Mei Jingyao
System Design on After-school Care of Primary School Students in the Governance View…Wu Kaijun & Meng Weiqing
The Basic Concepts and Construction Strategies of Positive Vocational Education Paradigm…Cui Jinggui
On the Construction of Modern Vocational and Technical Education System under the Perspective of Grand Vocational Education…Chen Peng & Pang Xueguang
On the New Progress and Trends of Adult Education Research…Sun Lixin & Le Chuanyong Investigation and Analysis of the Learning Strategies of Primary and Secondary School Students…Ma Zhengyu & Zhang Jiajun
On Transformation of Instructional Modes under the Background of Informationization…Kang Shumin
The Effect of Identity Confusion and Problematic Internet Use on the Life Meaning of Undergraduates…Ye Yinghua
Educational Life History： The New Research Vision of Educational History…Zhou Hongyu
Heterogeneity， Education Development and National Innovation Ability…Wang Su & Pu Xiaosong
An Empirical Research on Student Satisfaction of Higher Education Institutions in Pakistan …Shi Qiuheng & Gulzar Ali Shah Bukhari
The Operation Mechanism of University Basic Academic Organization：Foreign Modes and Experiences…Tang Zhi & Li Xiaonian
Analysis of Training Ability in County-level Training Schools under the Background of Whole Stuff Training…Wu Huiqiang
Constructing Public Service Platform of Network of University-enterprise Cooperation in Vocational Education…Hu Jianda
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The Anthropology Paradigm of Educational Research and Its Improvement
Sun Jieyuan
Abstract： Currently， anthropology paradigm has gradually become an important option in educational research， which has formed the contrast with that of the grand theory in scholar's study in methodology. In the characteristics of connotation， anthropology paradigm takes "other's?vision"and "from others to oneself " as the core， through starting from the "filed"， many forms of methods have been derived. However， faced with the complexity and development of educational research， anthropology paradigm shows a certain limitations. Improving the situation， we should follow the countermeasures as follows： to improve the correction of anthropology paradigm in macroscopic level， to rethink the traditional "field" and reconstruct its sense of direction and history， to integrate the meaning of profession and non-profession in field work， to develop "relationship case study" and micro analysis， and to pursue "big positivism" paradigm.Key words： educational research， anthropology paradigm， field
Author： Sun Jieyuan， Ph.D.， Director， professor and doctoral supervisor of School
of Education， Guangxi Normal University （Guilin 541004）
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EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
Volume 36 Number 7 July 2015
Educational Justice in the Discourse of Marx's Critical Social Justice Theory…Shu Zhiding
Research on Conditions of Bringing One-year Pre-school Education into Compulsory Education System…Liu Yan， Kang Jianqin & Tu Yue
On the Influencing Factors of Preschool Education Development in Developed Regions…Ye Pingzhi & Zhang Caiyun
On the Transformation and Development of Entrepreneurship Education in Colleges and Universities in the Era of Group Innovation…Huang Zhaoxin，Zhao Guojing & Tang Wenjie
Inspection into the Dislocation Problems of Academic Ability Cultivation in the Professional Degree Education…Ma Jiansheng & Chen Yue
The Internal Logic between Academic Production Prosperity in Quantity and Academic System in Colleges and Universities…Yang Guangqin
The Theoretical Basis and System Guarantee for the Reform of University Academic Credit System…Yan Weilong & Wu Mingzhong
Study on the Relationship between School Value Added Performance and Teachers'Professional Development…Sally M. Thomas［UK］， Wen-Jung Peng & Jianzhong Li
On Consistency and Stability of Schools' Added Value…Peng Pai， Hu Yongmei & Eckhard Klieme［GER］Community Logic of Teachers' Ethics Development…Luo Shengquan ＆ Liu Zhihui
Time Dilemma and Reconstruction of Teachers' Self-identity in the Transformation of Education…Cai Chenmei
An Investigation and Research on Rural Teachers' Professional Development Situation in the Process of New Urbanization…Li Sen & Cui Youxing
The Processing Stages of Knowledge and Teaching Conditions…Huang Mei & Huang Xiting On Pedagogical Implications of Dewey's Theory of Art…Jiang Xiao
Hot Topics and Development Trends Involving Researches on Student Learning on?an International Scale since 21st Century…Pan Li & Qiu Song
New Measures of Quality Assurance System Reform in German Pre-service Teacher Education …Yu Zhe & Qu Tiehua
Research on the Collaborative Innovation Mechanism of Local Universities Personnel Training …Zhang Baoge
Educational Science Research and Professional Development of Primary and Secondary Middle School Teachers…Li Jianhui
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Educational Justice in the Discourse of Marx's Critical Social Justice Theory
Shu Zhiding
Abstract： What kind of educational justice we strive for depends on how we explain the educational justice. Marx's theory on critical social justice offers us a new way to explain the educational justice. Marx never denies the discussion on justice. He just criticizes the views of justice explained from human rights or legal rights. Taking a historical materialism， he regards knowledge of the social world as the prerequisite to understand justice； at the same time， the elimination of alienation and the free development for all， are seen as the aim of justice. To re-understand Marx's theory on critical social justice aims to correctly grasp the thinking way of Marx's dealing with justice. From such a perspective， the understanding of educational justice should be based on the development of human beings， and the free development for all should be sought after in a desirable educational system. The implications of Marx's theory on critical social justice are very meaningful to Chinese educational reform.
Key words： Marx's educational thought， justice， educational justice
Author： Shu Zhiding， Ph.D.， distinguished professor and doctoral supervisor of School of Teacher Education， Huzhou Normal University （Huzhou 313000）
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EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
Volume 36 Number 8 August 2015
What Is the Normative Argumentation in Education Research…Jin Shenghong
Value Education and Practice in Organizing and Managing Behavior in Classroom…Gao Jie
Diploma Effects under the Interaction between Labor Market Segmentation and Family Capital…Shen Hong & Zhang Qinggen
Occupational Power and Family Education Expenditure…Ding Xiaohao & Weng Qiuyi Research on Management Performance Evaluation of College Student Aid in China …Qu Shaowei， Fan Xiaoting & Qu Yinjiao
Research on the Innovation Method of Chinese University Property Right System…Wu Yunyong
Multidimensional Analysis of Gender Gap on the Access to Higher Education…Wang Weiyi & Li Jie
The Effect of MOOCs on Teaching Reform in College： Value and Limitation…Liu Jiliang & Wang Hongxi
Policy Evaluation of Urban and Rural Balanced Allocation of Compulsory Education Teaching Staff…Xue Eryong & Li Tingzhou
Problems and Countermeasures on the Exchange and Work Shift Policy Implementation of Schoolmasters and Teachers in the Western Areas…Si Xiaohong & Yang Lingping
Survey and Analysis of the Issues of Integrating into Urban Education for Migrant Children …Zhuang Xizhen & Li Zheng
New College Entrance Examination Reform Promotes the Upgrade of Education…Zhou Haitao ＆ Jing Anlei
Educational Technology： Hot Research Issues and Deep Reflections…Xiong Caiping & Wang Xuejun
Research on the Integration of Teacher Education in Curricula and Teaching Staff （Written Conversation）…Chen Shijian[et al]
On School Mental Health Service and Its System Construction…Yu Guoliang & Hou Ruihe The Influence of Fathers' Occupation and Education Background on the Well-being of Students in the Stage of Primary and Secondary Education…Ge Mingrong
The Institutional Evolution of University's Dominant Position in American National Innovation System…Wang Zhiqiang， Zhuo Zelin & Jiang Yazhou
On Orientation， Development Characteristics and Cultivation of Discipline Construction in Elementary Education Colleges…Wang Zhiqiu
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What Is the Normative Argumentation in Education Research
Jin Shenghong
Abstract： Education practice is normative reality and should be inquired normatively. Empiricism in education research regards education only as a phenomenal， empirical-descriptive reality and emphasizes empirical research as the fundamental methodology. This results in the neglect of the normative issues and overlooks the valuation and values studies. Education researches include inquiries of issues about the norms， regulations， principles， aims， ideals， ought-to-forms and so on. All of normative issues， questions and problems can only be argued， justified and answered by normative argumentation which does not aim to explain the facts and phenomena. Normative inquiry aims to justify the "ought-to" education and to find the rational truth about education. It provides inevitable knowledge. The justified knowledge of the educational principles， ideals and ought-to-forms， aims is also true， right， sound and worth of practising. They are not only the norms and criterions to evaluate the ideas， opinions， institutions， regulations and actions which actually exist in education phenomena， but also constitute the missions， obligations and responsibilities which call for the agents to put them into education practice. We cannot undertake education practice without the justified norms， principles， aims and ideals which we know through normative inquiries.
Key words： education practice， normativity， normative justification， normative expressions
Author： Jin Shenghong， Ph.D.， professor of College of Education， Zhejiang Normal University （Jinhua 321004）
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EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
Volume 36 Number 9 September 2015
On the Historical Contributions and Far Reaching Enlightenments of Education on Anti-Japanese War…National Institute of Educational Sciences
On the Academic Characteristic and Practice of Education…Liu Xudong & Wu Yongsheng
Exploration on Key Competencies…Li Yi & Zhong Baichang
On the Nine Quality Problems of Education Research Projects…Liu Guihua & Meng Zhaohai
How Do the Core Values of Socialism Guide Moral Education Textbooks…Du Shizhong
The Cultural Approaches and Value Choices of School Moral Education from Multi-cultural Perspective…Liu Yannan
On Governing Strategy， Theoretical Strategy and Practical Strategy： The Decision-making Model of Educational Development Planning and Its Choice…Kang Cuiping
The Characteristics of Undergraduates' Learning Engagement of Chinese Research-oriented University…Lv Linhai & Zhang Hongxia
A New Approach to Evaluate College Student Learning Outcomes…Zhao Tingting[et al]
District Oriented School Running： Anticipations， Challenges and Countermeasures …Guo Dandan & Zheng Jinzhou
On the Construction of School Register Management of Primary and Secondary School Students and Its Informatization Exploration…Chen Dongsheng
The Function of Academic Degree System in Higher Vocational Education and Its Construction …Cui Yanqiang & Wu Yelin
Reflections on Issues of Integrating General Education with Vocational Education in Our High School and Policy Recommendations…Liu liqun
Problems and Countermeasures in the Construction of Teacher Management System…Chen Zhenhua
On the Generative Mechanism of Teaching Schools with Contemporary Chinese Characteristics…Su Jingchun
Research on the Development of School-based Curriculum on Integrated Education of Rural Immigrant Workers' Children…Wan Ronggen， Guo Liying & Huang Zhaoxin Academic Progress on Chinese History of Education in Recent Years…Lou Aofei， Bao Dandan & Yu Shusheng
The Essence of the Culture of Qualified Teachers in Ancient China…Chen Guisheng & Zhang Liyong
The Research on Social-emotional Learning and Its' Implication to Chinese Basic Education…Fan Chunlin
Re-orientation of Modernization of Normal Education in Russia： Direction and Measures…Du Yanyan
International Experience of the Adjustment of Governance Relationship between Government and University…Zhang Junhui
